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We characterize the Ly$\alpha$ halo and absorption systems toward PSOJ083+11, a unique $z=6.3401$ weak-line quasar, using Gemini/GNIRS,Magellan/FIRE, and VLT/MUSE data. Strong absorptions by hydrogen and severalmetal lines (e.g., CII, MgII, and OI) are discovered in the spectrum, whichindicates the presence of: (i) a proximate sub-damped Ly$\alpha$ (sub-DLA)system at $z=6.314$ and (ii) a MgII absorber at $z=2.2305$. To describe theobserved damping wing signal, we model the Ly$\alpha$ absorption with acombination of a sub-DLA with the neutral hydrogen column density of $\logN_\mathrm{HI} = 20.03 \pm 0.30$ cm$^{-2}$ and absorption from the intergalacticmedium with a neutral fraction of around 10 percent. The sub-DLA toward PSOJ083+11 has an abundance ratio of [C/O] $=-0.04 \pm 0.33$ and metallicity of[O/H] $=-2.19 \pm 0.44$, similar to those of low-redshift metal-poor DLAs.These measurements suggest that the sub-DLA might truncate PSO J083+11'sproximity zone size and complicate the quasar lifetime measurement. However,this quasar shows no sign of a Ly$\alpha$ halo in the MUSE data cube, where theestimated $1\sigma$ limit of surface brightness is $2.76 \times 10^{-18}$ ergs$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ arcsec$^{-2}$ at aperture size of 1 arcsecond, or equivalentto a Ly$\alpha$ luminosity of $\leq 43.46$ erg s$^{-1}$. This non-detection,while being only weak independent evidence on its own, is at least consistentwith a young quasar scenario, as expected for a quasar with a short accretiontimescale.

Staring at the Shadows of Archaic Galaxies: Damped Ly$\alpha$ and Metal Absorbers toward a Young $z \sim 6$ Weak-line Quasar