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The direct measurement of the Universe's expansion history and the search forterrestrial planets in habitable zones around solar-type stars requireextremely high-precision radial velocity measures over a decade. This studyproposes an approach for enabling high-precision radial velocity measurementsfrom space. The concept presents a combination of a high-dispersion densifiedpupil spectrograph and a novel telescope line-of-sight monitor. The precisionof the radial velocity measurements is determined by combining thespectrophotometric accuracy and the quality of the absorption lines in therecorded spectrum. Therefore, a highly dispersive densified pupil spectrographproposed to perform stable spectroscopy can be utilized for high-precisionradial velocity measures. A concept involving the telescope line-of-sightmonitor is developed to minimize the change of the telescope line-of-sight overa decade. This monitor allows the precise measurement of a long-term telescopedrift without any significant impact on the Airy disk when the densified pupilspectra are recorded. We analytically derive the uncertainty of the radialvelocity measurements, which is caused by the residual offset of theline-of-sights at two epochs. We find that the error could be reduced down toapproximately 1 $cm/s$, and the precision will be limited by another factor(e.g., wavelength calibration uncertainty). A combination of the high precisionspectrophotometry and the high spectral resolving power could open a new pathtoward the characterization of nearby non-transiting habitable planetcandidates orbiting late-type stars. We present two simple and compacthigh-dispersed densified pupil spectrograph designs for the cosmology andexoplanet sciences.

the astronomical journal

Densified pupil spectrograph as high-precision radial velocimetry: From  direct measurement of the Universe's expansion history to characterization of  nearby habitable planet candidates