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Geopolymers are inorganic, chemically resistant aluminosilicate-based binding agents, which remove hazardous metal ions from exposed aqueous media. However, the removal efficiency of a given metal ion and the potential ion remobilization have to be assessed for individual geopolymers. Therefore, copper ions (Cu 2+ ) were removed by a granulated, metakaolin-based geopolymer (GP) in water matrices. Subsequent ion exchange and leaching tests were used to determine the mineralogical and chemical properties as well as the resistance of the Cu 2+ -bearing GPs to corrosive aquatic environments. Experimental results indicate the pH of the reacted solutions to have a significant impact on the Cu 2+ uptake systematics: the removal efficiency ranged from 34-91% at pH 4.1-5.7 up to ~100% at pH 11.1-12.4. This is equivalent to Cu 2+ uptake capacities of up to 193 mg/g and 560 mg/g in acidic versus alkaline media. The uptake mechanism was governed by Cu 2+ -substitution for alkalis in exchangeable GP sites and by co-precipitation of gerhardtite (Cu 2 (NO 3 )(OH) 3 ) or tenorite (CuO) and spertiniite (Cu(OH) 2 ). All Cu-GPs showed excellent resistance to ion exchange (Cu 2+ release: 0-2.4%) and acid leaching (Cu 2+ release: 0.2-0.7%), suggesting that tailored GPs have a high potential to immobilize Cu 2+ ions from aquatic media.

Substantial Copper (Cu2+) Uptake by Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer and Its Resistance to Acid Leaching and Ion Exchange