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Laurus nobilis ,  Salvia officinalis  and  Salvia sclarea  essential oils (EOs) and hydrolates (HYs) were investigated to define their chemical compositions and biological properties. Gas-chromatography/Mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) and Headspace-GC/MS (HS-GC/MS) techniques were used to characterize the liquid and vapor phase chemical composition of EOs and HYs. 1,8-Cineole (42.2%, 33.5%) and α-pinene (16.7%, 39.0%) were the main compounds of  L. nobilis  EO; 1,8-cineole (30.3%, 48.4%) and camphor (17.1%, 8.7%) were for  S. officinalis  EO; linalyl acetate (62.6%, 30.1%) and linalool (11.1%, 28.9%) were for  S. sclarea  EO for the liquid and vapor phase, respectively. Chemical profile of HYs was characterized by 1,8-cineole (65.1%, 61.4%) as a main constituent of  L. nobilis  and  S. officinalis  HYs, while linalool (89.5%) was the main constituent of  S. sclarea  HY. The antioxidant activity of EOs and HYs was carried out by DPPH and ABTS assays and antimicrobial properties were also investigated by microdilution and the disc diffusion method for liquid and vapor phase against five different bacterial strains such as  Escherichia coli  ATCC 25922,  Pseudomonas fluorescens  ATCC 13525 and  Acinetobacter bohemicus  DSM 102855 among Gram-negative and  Bacillus cereus  ATCC 10876 and  Kocuria marina  DSM 16420 among Gram-positive.  L. nobilis  and  S. officinalis  EOs demonstrated considerable antibacterial activity, while  S. sclarea  EO proved to be less effective. Agar diffusion method and vapor phase test showed the EOs activity with the biggest halo inhibition diameters against  A. bohemicus  and  B. cereus . A remarkably high antioxidant activity was determined for  L. nobilis  showing low EC 50  values and also for  S. sclarea;  good EO results were obtained in both of the used assays.  S. officinalis  EC 50  values were slightly higher to which corresponds to a lower antioxidant activity. Concerning the HYs, the EC 50  values for  L. nobilis ,  S. officinalis  and  S. sclarea  were remarkably high corresponding to an extremely low antioxidant activity, as also obtained by expressing the values in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).

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Laurus nobilis, Salvia sclarea and Salvia officinalis Essential Oils and Hydrolates: Evaluation of Liquid and Vapor Phase Chemical Composition and Biological Activities