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Glassy carbon foam (GCF) catalyst supports were synthesized from waste polyurethane elastomers by impregnating them in sucrose solution followed by pyrolysis and activation (AC) using N 2 and CO 2 gas. The palladium nanoparticles were formed from Pd(NO 3 ) 2 . The formed palladium nanoparticles are highly dispersive because the mean diameters are 8.0 ± 4.3 (Pd/GCF), 7.6 ± 4.2 (Pd/GCF-AC1) and 4.4 ± 1.6 nm (Pd/GCF-AC2). Oxidative post-treatment by CO 2 of the supports resulted in the formation of hydroxyl groups on the GCF surfaces, leading to a decrease in zeta potential. The decreased zeta potential increased the wettability of the GCF supports. This, and the interactions between -OH groups and Pd ions, decreased the particle size of palladium. The catalysts were tested in the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. The non-treated, glassy-carbon-supported catalyst (Pd/GCF) resulted in a 99.2% aniline yield at 293 K and 50 bar hydrogen pressure, but the reaction was slightly slower than other catalysts. The catalysts on the post-treated (activated) supports showed higher catalytic activity and the rate of hydrogenation was higher. The maximum attained aniline selectivities were 99.0% (Pd/GCF-AC1) at 293 K and 98.0% (Pd/GCF-AC2) at 323 K.

Development of Highly Efficient, Glassy Carbon Foam Supported, Palladium Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene