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In the present study, we isolated and characterized  Lactococcus lactis  ( L .  lactis ) subsp.  lactis  from a female Cuvier’s beaked whale ( Ziphius cavirostris ) stranded in Shizuoka, Japan. Only five isolates (CBW1-5), grown on Lactobacilli de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar plates prepared using 50% artificial seawater, were positive in  L .  lactis  species-specific primer PCR. Their 16S rRNA sequences were highly similar to those of  L .  lactis  subsp.  lactis  JCM 5805 T . The Gram reaction, motility, gas production from glucose, catalase production, and growth conditions were consistent with those of the type strain. Additionally, carbohydrate utilization of the strains was consistent with previously reported marine organism-derived strains. The pH-neutralized cell-free culture supernatant of strain CBW2 inhibited the growth of  Bacillus subtilis  subsp.  subtilis  ATCC 6051 and  Vibrio alginolyticus  ATCC 17749, whereas protease treatment eliminated or diminished its inhibitory activity. The strain possesses a precursor of the nisin structural gene ( nisA ), which showed 100% homology with nisin Z, and nisin biosynthesis-related genes ( nisB ,  nisC ,  nisT ,  nisP ,  nisF ,  nisI , and  nisRK ), suggesting that the strain produces a nisin-like substance. This study provides fundamental information on whale-derived  L .  lactis  subsp.  lactis  which may be useful for reducing the carriage of  B .  subtilis  subsp.  subtilis  and  V .  alginolyticus .

microorganisms

Antimicrobial Activity of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Isolated from a Stranded Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) against Gram-Positive and -Negative Bacteria