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Given the wealth inequality worldwide, there is an urgent need to identifythe mode of wealth exchange through which it arises. To address the researchgap regarding models that combine equivalent exchange and redistribution, thisstudy compares an equivalent market exchange with redistribution based on powercenters and a nonequivalent exchange with mutual aid using the Polanyi,Graeber, and Karatani modes of exchange. Two new exchange models based onmulti-agent interactions are reconstructed following an econophysics approachfor evaluating the Gini index (inequality) and total exchange (economic flow).Exchange simulations indicate that the evaluation parameter of the totalexchange divided by the Gini index can be expressed by the same saturatedcurvilinear approximate equation using the wealth transfer rate and time periodof redistribution and the surplus contribution rate of the wealthy and thesaving rate. However, considering the coercion of taxes and its associatedcosts and independence based on the morality of mutual aid, a nonequivalentexchange without return obligation is preferred. This is oriented towardGraeber's baseline communism and Karatani's mode of exchange D, withimplications for alternatives to the capitalist economy.

Wealth Redistribution and Mutual Aid: Comparison using Equivalent/Nonequivalent Exchange Models of Econophysics