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Substantial grounds exist to doubt the universal validity of the NewtonianParadigm that requires a pre-stated, fixed phase space. Therefore, the SecondLaw of Thermodynamics, stated only for fixed phase spaces, is also in doubt.The validity of the Newtonian Paradigm may stop at the onset of evolving life.Living cells and organisms are Kantian Wholes that achieve constraint closure,so do thermodynamic work to construct themselves. Evolution constructs anever-expanding phase space. Thus, we can ask the free energy cost per addeddegree of freedom. That cost is roughly linear or sublinear in the massconstructed. However, the resulting expansion of the phase space isexponential. Thus, the evolving biosphere does thermodynamic work to constructitself into an ever-smaller sub-domain of its ever-expanding phase space atever less free energy cost per added degree of freedom. Entropy really doesdecrease.  A testable implication of this, termed here the Fourth Law of Thermodynamics,is that at constant energy input, the biosphere will construct itself into anever more localized subregion of its ever-expanding phase space. This isconfirmed. The energy input from the sun has been roughly constant for the 4billion years since life started to evolve. The localization of our currentbiosphere in its protein phase space is at least 10^-2540. The localization ofour biosphere with respect to molecules of CHNOPS comprised of up to 350,000atoms is extremely high. Entropy has decreased. The universality of the SecondLaw fails.

Is There a 4th Law for Non-Ergodic Systems That Do Work To Construct Their Expanding Phase Space?