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The stringent response mediated by the signal molecule (p)ppGpp is involved in response to multiple environmental stresses and control of various physiological processes. Studies have revealed that (p)ppGpp strongly affects the formation and maintenance of several bacterial biofilms. However, the specific regulatory roles of (p)ppGpp in biofilms, especially in the expression of genes related to cell motility and exopolysaccharides (EPSs) production, remain poorly understood. We recently reported two (p)ppGpp synthetase genes  relA  and  spoT  from the epizootic pathogen  Vibrio alginolyticus.  Herein, we found that the (p)ppGpp synthetase genes of  V. alginolyticus  contributed to biofilm formation at low cell density and biofilm detachment at high cell density, respectively, in polystyrene microtiter plates. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression levels of both EPSs and motility associated genes were consistent with the development of biofilms. Besides, the (p)ppGpp synthetase gene  spoT  was found to be closely involved in the regulation of flagellum, smooth/translucent colony morphology and spotty pellicle at the air-liquid interface. Interestingly, pleiotropic phenotypes of Δ relA Δ spoT  were similar to that of the  rpoN  (σ 54 ) deletion mutant. Meanwhile, the absence of (p)ppGpp synthetase genes significantly reduced the expression levels of  rpoN  at low cell density, suggesting that (p)ppGpp may mediate the formation via positively affecting the alternative sigma factor RpoN. These findings allow us to propose (p)ppGpp as a crucial regulator for biofilm development in  V. alginolyticus , in view of the regulatory roles of  relA  and  spoT  in cell motility and EPSs production.

frontiers in microbiology

Two (p)ppGpp Synthetase Genes, relA and spoT, Are Involved in Regulating Cell Motility, Exopolysaccharides Production, and Biofilm Formation of Vibrio alginolyticus