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The rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) is a tropical perennial crop for the primary source of natural rubber.  Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  from  Hevea brasiliensis  ( C. gloeosporioides  Hb) and  Colletotrichum acutatum  from  Hevea brasiliensis  ( C. acutatum  Hb) are the causal agents of rubber tree anthracnose and lead to serious loss of natural rubber production. Inoculation tests showed that  C. gloeosporioides  Hb possessed higher pathogenicity than  C. acutatum  Hb to the rubber tree. Genomic analysis revealed that an unknown gene, named  CgNPG1  (a Novel Pathogenic Gene 1), was presented in the genome of  C. gloeosporioides  Hb but not identified in  C. acutatum  Hb.  CgNPG1  was predicted to encode a small secretory protein without any conserved domain. To investigate the functions of  CgNPG1  in  C. gloeosporioides  Hb and in  C. acutatum  Hb, the gene deletion and overexpression mutants were generated. The phenotype analysis showed that deletion of  CgNPG1  led to changed conidia morphology, decreased mycelial growth, conidiation, conidia germination rate, appressorium formation rate, and pathogenicity of  C. gloeosporioides  Hb to the rubber tree. Meanwhile, heterogeneous expression of  CgNPG1  in  C. acutatum  Hb significantly changed the conidia morphology and improved the mycelial growth rate, conidiation, conidia germination rate, appressorium formation rate, and the pathogenicity of  C. acutatum  Hb to the rubber tree. Consistently,  CgNPG1  increased the expression level of  CaCRZ1  and  CaCMK1  in  C. acutatum  Hb. These data suggested that  CgNPG1  contributed to mycelial growth, conidiation, the development of invasive structures, and the pathogenicity of  Colletotrichum  to the rubber tree, which might be related to the modulation of CaCRZ1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase CMK1. Our results provided new insight into  CgNPG1  in regulating growth and pathogenicity of the  Colletotrichum  spp.

frontiers in microbiology

CgNPG1 as a Novel Pathogenic Gene of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides From Hevea brasiliensis in Mycelial Growth, Conidiation, and the Invasive Structures Development