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Nanofluids have enjoyed a widespread use in many technological applications due to their peculiar properties. Numerical simulations are presented about the unsteady behavior of mixed convection of Fe 3 O 4 -water, Fe 3 O 4 - kerosene, Fe 3 O 4 -ethylene glycol, and Fe 3 O 4 -engine oil nanofluids inside a lid-driven triangular cavity. In particular, a two-component non-homogeneous nanofluid model is used. The bottom wall of the enclosure is insulated, whereas the inclined wall is kept a constant (cold) temperature and various temperature laws are assumed for the vertical wall, namely:$\theta = 1$   θ  =  1(Case 1),$\theta \;{\rm = Y(1 - Y)}$   θ   =  Y  (  1  −  Y  )(Case 2), and$\theta \;{\rm = sin(2}\pi {\rm Y)}$   θ   =  s  i  n  (  2   π   Y  )(Case 3). A tilted magnetic field of uniform strength is also present in the fluid domain. From a numerical point of view, the problem is addressed using the Galerkin weighted residual finite element method. The role played by different parameters is assessed, discussed critically and interpreted from a physical standpoint. We find that a higher aspect ratio can produce an increase in the average Nusselt number. Moreover, the Fe 3 O 4 -EO and Fe 3 O 4 -H 2 O nanofluids provide the highest and smallest rate of heat transfer, respectively, for all the considered (three variants of) thermal boundary conditions.

fluid dynamics and materials processing

Numerical Simulations of Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow of Nanofluids inside a Triangular Cavity on the Basis of a Two-Component Nonhomogeneous Mathematical Model