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RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1) transcription factors are unique members of the AP2-ERF superfamily with AP2 and B3 domains and play important roles in the regulation of seed germination, plant growth, and stress response. In the study, 7 RAV genes, named  HvRAVs , were identified in barley based on the available genome sequences. While five of the seven  HvRAVs  were located on chromosome 3,  HvRAV5  and  HvRAV7  were located on chromosome 1 and 4, respectively. Six of the predicted  HvRAVs  were intron-less, except  HvRAV2 , which had one intron. HvRAV proteins have shown basic, instable, and hydrophilic properties. The AP2 domain specific RAYD and WLG motifs were detected in all HvRAV proteins. Besides, B3 repression domain, R/KLFGV, is also found in the C-terminal of HvRAVs.  HvRAVs  were found to have stress-related cis-acting elements, including MYB, MYC, and W-BOX.  HvRAV2  was predicted to have no GARE motifs, TATCCCA or TAACAA(G/A), and LTREs. Under drought conditions, the expression level of  HvRAVs  did not significantly change in a drought-sensitive barley genotype, whereas  HvRAV5  and  HvRAV7  were dramatically down-regulated in a drought-tolerant genotype. Expression of  HvRAV5  was also inhibited by salinity.  HvRAV7  was strongly induced by plant pathogen attack. Only  HvRAV6  was induced by exogenous gibberellin application and during the germination process. Interestingly,  HvRAV6  transcript was detected higher than other  HvRAVs  in all stress and control conditions as well as during germination.  In silico  analyses have shown that  HvRAVs  play a role in response to different abiotic and biotic stresses as well as in plant development. However, the extensive biological roles of  HvRAV  genes in plant development and in response to abiotic and biotic stresses need further investigation.

biocell

Genome-wide identification and  in silico  gene expression analysis of the related to ABI3/VP1 (RAV) transcription factor family in barley ( Hordeum vulgare  L.)