Open Access
Tindak Pidana Agama Menurut Perspektif Hukum Islam, Hukum Positif dan Hak Asasi Manusia
Author(s) -
Didi Hilman
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
mizan: journal of islamic law
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2598-974X
pISSN - 2598-6252
DOI - 10.32507/mizan.v4i1.593
Subject(s) - blasphemy , law , islam , sharia , criminal law , political science , punishment (psychology) , positive law , sociology , criminology , theology , philosophy , comparative law , psychology , private law , black letter law , social psychology
Abstract Religious crime has been known since the days of Ancient Greece. All religions in the world prohibit criminal acts against religion. Al-Qur'an as the first source in Islamic law prohibits religious crime, but does not specifically regulate the type and form of punishment. Indonesia's positive law prohibits religious criminal offenses in various laws, such as Law Number 1/PNPS/1965 concerning Prevention of Abuse and/or Blasphemy in Religion, Book of Criminal Law Article 156 a, and Law Number 11 Year 2008 about Information and Electronic Transactions. Today, the existence of religious offenses is at issue because it is considered to be contrary to the principles of human rights. This study aims to explore religious crime from the perspective of Islamic law and positive law related to human rights. This research is a normative law research (Legal Research) with a normative juridical approach. This research is analytical descriptive, that is, research that reveals laws and regulations relating to legal theories which are the object of research. Data obtained through library research are then analyzed using the theory of maqosid al-shariah, the theory of religious crime (blasphemy), the theory of human rights, the theory of religious and state relations, and the theory of loss (harm principle). Based on this research, it can be concluded that according to Islamic law, religious crimes are acts that defile (tadnis), insult (istihza), make fun of (syatama), revile (saba) and curse (taq) Allah and His Messenger, the Book Holy Al-Qur'an, attacking the Islamic creed, and doing actions that deviate from the demands of Islamic teachings (bid'ah). Whereas according to positive law, religious crime is divided into heresy, blasphemy, defamation of religion, and invites others not to have a religion (Article 156a of the Criminal Code), expressions of hatred towards groups on the basis of religion (Article article) 156 of the Criminal Code), criminal offenses related to religion such as disrupting religious activities and worship (Articles 175, 176, 177 1st and 2nd, 178, 179, 180, 181, 503 2nd Penal Code).Keywords: Religious Crime, Islamic Maqosid, Human Rights, Islamic Human Rights, Harm Theory AbstrakKejahatan agama sudah dikenal sejak zaman Yunani Kuno. Semua agama di dunia melarang tindakan kriminal terhadap agama. Al-Qur'an sebagai sumber pertama dalam hukum Islam melarang kejahatan agama, tetapi tidak secara spesifik mengatur jenis dan bentuk hukuman. Hukum positif Indonesia melarang tindak pidana agama dalam berbagai undang-undang, seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 / PNPS / 1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan / atau Penistaan Agama, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Pasal 156 a, dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Saat ini, keberadaan pelanggaran agama menjadi masalah karena dianggap bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kejahatan agama dari perspektif hukum Islam dan hukum positif yang terkait dengan hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif (Penelitian Hukum) dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik, yaitu penelitian yang mengungkap hukum dan peraturan yang berkaitan dengan teori hukum yang menjadi objek penelitian. Data yang diperoleh melalui penelitian kepustakaan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teori maqosid al-syariah, teori kejahatan agama (penistaan), teori hak asasi manusia, teori agama dan hubungan negara, dan teori kerugian (prinsip kerugian). Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa menurut hukum Islam, kejahatan agama adalah tindakan yang menajiskan (tadnis), menghina (istihza), mengolok-olok (syatama), mencaci maki (saba) dan mengutuk (taq) Allah dan Rasul-Nya, Kitab Suci Al-Qur'an, menyerang akidah Islam, dan melakukan tindakan yang menyimpang dari tuntutan ajaran Islam (bid'ah). Sedangkan menurut hukum positif, kejahatan agama dibagi menjadi bidat, penistaan agama, pencemaran nama baik agama, dan mengundang orang lain untuk tidak beragama (Pasal 156a KUHP), ekspresi kebencian terhadap kelompok berdasarkan agama (Artikel artikel) 156 KUHP), pelanggaran pidana yang berkaitan dengan agama seperti mengganggu kegiatan keagamaan dan ibadah (Pasal 175, 176, 177 1 dan 2, 178, 179, 180, 181, 503 2nd KUHP).Kata Kunci: Kejahatan Agama, Maqosid Islam, Hak Asasi Manusia, Hak Asasi Manusia Islam, Teori Bahaya