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The joint strength between single fibres and its influence on strength properties of papers was evaluated, taking into account the effect of pulp yield, ionic form of the carboxyl groups and drying. Fibre/fibre joint strength stayed almost constant for pulps with yield between 45 % and 50 %. Further increasing the pulp yield increased the joint strength until a maximum value was reached at a pulp yield of 57 %, after which the joint strength decreased. Joint strength correlated well to paper tensile strength for never dried fibres, i.e. a lower joint strength resulted in lower sheet tensile index. The decrease in sheet tensile index was not as pronounced as the decrease in joint strength. Changing counter-ion from Na+ to Ca2+ or H+ did not affect fibre flexibility, although it reduced the joint strength as the molecular contact area decreased due to a reduced swelling upon changing the counter-ions. Drying the high yield pulp lowered both the joint strength and the sheet tensile index to the same extent. The sheet tensile index, for the low yield pulp, decreased much more than the fibre/fibre joint strength after drying the fibres. In conclusion, a combination of a lower fibre flexibility, resulting in fewer contact points between fibres in the sheet, and a lower joint strength after drying was responsible for the reduction in sheet tensile index

Influence of fibre/fibre joint strength and fibre flexibility on the strength of papers from unbleached kraft fibres