Open AccessCurrent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Biliary Tract Cancer
Author(s) -
Poshita-Kumari Seesaha,
Kangxin Wang,
Guo-Qun Wang,
Ting-Yun Cui,
Fengjiao Zhao,
Long Pan,
Xiangcheng Li,
Yongqian Shu,
Xiaofeng Chen
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
oncotargets and therapy
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.054
H-Index - 60
ISSN - 1178-6930
DOI - 10.2147/ott.s269671
Subject(s) - medicine , immunotherapy , biliary tract cancer , immune checkpoint , pd l1 , cancer , clinical trial , oncology , ctla 4 , immune system , biliary tract , immunology , t cell , gemcitabine
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is an uncommon and aggressive neoplasm, with most patients presenting in an advanced stage. Systemic chemotherapy is the limited treatment available but is unsatisfactory, while targeted therapy is still awaiting validation from clinical trials. Given the potential effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of BTC, this review aims to summarize the evidence-based benefits and predictive biomarkers for using inhibitors of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) ligand, or programmed cell death protein-1 and its ligand (PD-1 and PD-L1) as monotherapy or combined with other anti-tumor therapies, while also pointing out certain pitfalls with the use of ICIs which need to be addressed.