A Guide for Medical Students and Residents Preparing for Formative, Summative, and Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE): Twenty Tips and Pointers

The most important core competencies for medical learners to master are reviewing history, performing physical examination, communication skills and clinical reasoning. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) provides a consistent, reliable, and valid assessment of these integrated skills and is considered to be the gold standard. OSCEs are advantageous because they provide opportunities in evaluating skills that written tests cannot do (stage 3 of Miller's Pyramid of Learning). In this article, we have provided tips and helpful pointers to medical students and residents, based on available literature and authors' expertise in managing formative, summative, and virtual OSCE experiences. In virtual OSCEs, in-person learning objectives need to be modified to the virtual milieu and new competencies such as "webside manner" need to be introduced. Harmonizing the process and content of the OSCEs create operational challenges, thus learning the various moving parts of the OSCEs such as psychometrics, tasks of the standardized patients and checklists will ease optimal performance.