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Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) in chondritic meteorites are composed of refractory minerals thought to be the first solids to have formed in the solar nebula. Among them, hibonite, nominally CaAl 12 O 19 , holds particular interest because it can incorporate significant amounts of Ti into its crystal structure in both Ti 3+  and Ti 4+  oxidation states. The relative amounts of these cations that are incorporated reflect the redox conditions under which the grain formed or last equilibrated and their measurement can provide insight into the thermodynamic landscape of the early solar nebula. Here we develop a new method for the quantification of Ti oxidation states using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to apply it to hibonite.

Atomic-scale characterization of the oxidation state of Ti in meteoritic hibonite: Implications for early solar system thermodynamics