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Five life cycle assessment (LCA) methods to calculate a project senvironmental value are described: (a) process-based, (b) hybrid, (c) pseudo,(d) simplified, and (e) parametric. This paper discusses in detail and comparesthe two methods with the least inherent uncertainty: process-based LCA (abottom-up methodology involving mapping and characterising all processesassociated with all life cycle phases of a project) and a hybrid LCA (theEXIOBASE analysis, which incorporates top-down economic input output analysisand is a wider sector-by-sector approach). The bottom-up nature ofprocess-based LCA, which quantifies the environmental impacts for each processin all life cycle phases of a project, is particularly challenging when appliedto the evaluation of infrastructure as a whole. Conversely, combining theenvironmental impact information provided in EXIOBASE tables with thecorresponding input output tables allows decision makers to morestraightforwardly choose to invest in infrastructure that supports positiveenvironmental outcomes. Employing LCA and a bespoke model using Pearson scorrelation coefficient to capture environmental interdependencies between thetransport sector and the other four economic infrastructures showed thetransport and energy sectors to be most closely linked. Both integratedplanning and innovative technologies are needed to radically reduce adverseenvironmental impacts and enhance sustainability across transport, waste,water, and communication sectors.

The environmental value of transport infrastructure in the UK: an EXIOBASE analysis