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Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a key technique for studying protein‐DNA interactions and mapping epigenetic histone modifications on DNA. Current ChIP protocols require extensive sample handling and large cell numbers. We developed a quick and quantitative (Q 2 )ChIP assay suitable for histone and transcription factor immunoprecipitation from chromatin amounts equivalent to as few as 100 cells. DNA‐protein cross‐linking in suspension in presence of butyrate, elimination of background chromatin through a tube shift after washes, and a combination of cross‐link reversal, protein digestion, increased antibody‐bead to chromatin ratio, and DNA elution into a single step considerably improve ChIP efficiency and shorten the procedure. We used Q 2 ChIP to monitor changes in histone H3 modifications on the 5′ regulatory regions of the developmentally regulated genes  OCT4 ,  NANOG ,  LMNA , and  PAX6  in the context of retinoic‐acid‐mediated human embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of precipitated DNA unravels biphasic heterochromatin assembly on  OCT4  and  NANOG , involving H3 lysine (K)9 and K27 methylation followed by H3K9 deacetylation and additional H3K27 trimethylation. Di‐ and trimethylation of H3K4 remain relatively unaltered. In contrast,  PAX6  displays histone modifications characteristic of repressed genes with potential for activation in undifferentiated cells.  PAX6  undergoes H3K9 acetylation and enhanced H3K4 trimethylation upon transcriptional activation. Q 2 ChIP of the transcription factor Oct4 demonstrates its dissociation from the  NANOG  promoter upon differentiation. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to reveal histone modification changes on human  OCT4  and  NANOG  regulatory sequences. The results demonstrate ordered chromatin rearrangement on developmentally regulated promoters upon differentiation.  Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.

stem cells

Q 2 ChIP, a Quick and Quantitative Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay, Unravels Epigenetic Dynamics of Developmentally Regulated Genes in Human Carcinoma Cells