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The effect of soil application of biocontrol agents (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum) in combination with chitin on induction of phenolics and defense enzymes in coconut roots infected with Ganoderma lucidum, the causal agent of Ganoderma disease, was investigated. Soil application of these biocontrol formulations in combination with chitin induced a significant increase in the activities of peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase in the G. lucidum infected palms. Activities of both PAL and PO reached maximum levels within 3 d while the activity of PPO reached the maximum level 6 d after application of a mixture of P. fluorescens, T. viride and chitin. Isozyme analysis revealed that unique PO3 and PPO2 isozymes were induced in coconut palms treated with P. fluorescens + T. viride + chitin. Accumulation of phenolics was recorded 3 d after treatment and reached maximum levels 9 d after treatment application. Activity of chitinase was significantly increased from the third day after treatment imposition and continued to increase up to 9 to 12 d in all treatments. Chitinase isozyme analysis revealed that a unique Chit3 isoform was induced in coconut roots treated with P. fluorescens + T. viride + chitin. The beta-1,3-glucanase activity was maximum 9 d after treatment application. The mechanisms by which P. fluorescens + T. viride + chitin reduced the incidence of Ganoderma disease in coconut may be related to its ability to induce defense mechanisms in coconut palms. Investigou-se o efeito da aplicação, no solo, de agentes de biocontrole (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma viride e T. harzianum, em combinação com quitina), sobre a indução de enzimas de defesa e fenóis em raízes de coqueiros infectados com Ganoderma lucidum, o agente causal da enfermidade Ganoderma. A aplicação dessas formulações de biocontrole acarretou em aumento significativo nas atividades de peroxidases (PO), polifenol oxidase (PPO), fenilalanina amônia liase (PAL), quitinase e beta-1,3-glicanase nas plantas infectadas com G. lucidum. Após a aplicação de uma mistura de P. fluorescens, T. viride e quitina, as atividades tanto da PAL como da PO foram máximas dentro de 3 d, ao passo que a da PPO foi máxima dentro de 6 d. Análises izoenzimáticas sugeriram que apenas as isozimas PO3 e PPO2 foram induzidas nas plantas tratadas com P. fluorescens + T. viride + quitina. Após a imposição dos tratamentos, o acúmulo de fenóis ocorreu dentro de 3 d, com concentrações máximas dentro de 9 d. A atividade da quitinase aumentou significativamente a partir do terceiro dia após a aplicação das formulações, com incrementos consistentes até 12 d de experimento, nas plantas de todos os tratamentos. A isoforma Chit3 foi a única isozima de quitinase induzida nos coqueiros tratados com P. fluorescens + T. viride + quitina. A atividade da beta-1,3-glicanase foi máxima aos 9 d após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Os mecanismos pelos quais a combinação de P. fluorescens + T. viride + quitina reduziu a incidência da Ganoderma nas plantas podem estar relacionados à capacidade do coqueiro de induzir mecanismos de defesa

Induction of phenolics and defense-related enzymes in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) roots treated with biocontrol agents