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Objective  The current study investigated the additive effect of oral lead (Pb) exposure and dietary iron (Fe) deficiency on intestinal lactobacilli,  E. coli , and yeast in SD rats.    Methods  Weanling rats were fed on control diet (CD) or iron deficient diet (ID) for 4 weeks, followed by oral Pb exposure for another 4 weeks. Lead exposure was withdrawn for 2 weeks, and then resumed after 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected to determine haemoglobin (Hb), serum iron, blood Pb and δ‐ Aminolevulenic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity. Fecal samples were collected to enumerate the lactobacilli,  E. coli  and yeast population on selective agar media and determine Pb levels.    Results  Hb and serum Fe levels decreased significantly in iron deficient rats. Pb exposed rats had a significant increase in blood Pb levels and decreased ALAD activity. The lactobacilli population was significantly decreased ( p <0.05) in ID rats compared to the CD group. Further, a significant decrease in the lactobacilli population was observed in Pb exposed rats irrespective of the dietary regimen. Upon withdrawal of Pb exposure, lactobacilli increased significantly in both the CD+Pb and ID+Pb groups, whereas re‐exposure to Pb decreased lactobacilli population. The  E. coli  and yeast populations were inconsistent among both the ID and Pb exposed rats compared to controls. Fecal Pb levels increased significantly in Pb exposed rats irrespective of diet.    Conclusion  An additive effect of dietary Fe deficiency and oral Pb exposure resulted in greater reductions in the intestinal lactobacilli population compared to either treatment alone. In addition, transient withdrawal of Pb exposure led to improved lactobacilli population irrespective of Fe status.

The effect of lead (Pb) exposure and iron (Fe) deficiency on intestinal lactobacilli, E. coli and yeast: A study in experimental rats