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Objective  Glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) originate from the common precursor, proglucagon, and their plasma concentrations have been reported to be increased during inflammatory conditions. Increased blood glucose levels are frequently observed in septic patients, and therefore we hypothesized that glucagon, but not GLP-1, is increased in individuals with inflammation.    Design  Prospective longitudinal cohort study.    Materials and methods  We measured glucagon and GLP-1 in plasma sampled consecutively in three cohorts consisting of patients with infective endocarditis ( n  = 16), urosepsis ( n  = 28) and post-operative inflammation following percutaneous aortic valve implantation or thoracic endovascular aortic repair ( n  = 5). Correlations between C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, and glucagon and GLP-1 concentrations were investigated. Additionally, glucagon and GLP-1 concentrations were measured after a bolus infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 ng/kg) in nine healthy young males.    Results  Glucagon and CRP were positively and significantly correlated (r = 0.27;  P  = 0.0003), whereas no significant association between GLP-1 and CRP was found (r = 0.08,  P  = 0.30). LPS infusion resulted in acute systemic inflammation reflected by increased temperature, pulse, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and concomitantly increased concentrations of glucagon ( P  &lt; 0.05) but not GLP-1.    Conclusions  Systemic inflammation caused by bacterial infections or developed as a non-infected condition is associated with increased plasma concentration of glucagon, but not GLP-1. Hyperglucagonemia may contribute to the impaired glucose control in patients with systemic inflammatory diseases.

Plasma levels of glucagon but not GLP-1 are elevated in response to inflammation in humans