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The perennial selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator  Cardamine hupingshanensis  (Brassicaceae) thrives in aquatic and subaquatic Se-rich environments along the Wuling Mountains, China. Using bright-field and epifluorescence microscopy, the present study determined the anatomical structures and histochemical features that allow this species to survive in Se-rich aquatic environments. The roots of  C. hupingshanensis  have an endodermis with Casparian walls, suberin lamellae, and lignified secondary cell walls; the cortex and hypodermal walls have phi (Φ) thickenings; and the mature taproots have a secondary structure with a periderm. The stems possess a lignified sclerenchymal ring and an endodermis, and the pith and cortex walls have polysaccharide-rich collenchyma. Air spaces are present in the intercellular spaces and aerenchyma in the cortex and pith of the roots and shoots. The dense fine roots with lignified Φ thickenings and polysaccharide-rich collenchyma in the shoots may allow  C. hupingshanensis  to hyperaccumulate Se. Overall, our study elucidated the anatomical features that permit  C. hupingshanensis  to thrive in Se-rich aquatic environments.

Anatomy and Histochemistry of the Roots and Shoots in the Aquatic Selenium Hyperaccumulator Cardamine hupingshanensis (Brassicaceae)