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Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders are among the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with current treatment modalities including traditional therapies, psychological and supportive interventions, and emerging therapeutic approaches. Photobiomodulation (PBM), a neuromodulatory technique using lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), has emerged as a promising intervention for enhancing brain function by stimulating neural activity, thereby protecting brain tissue and restoring function. Despite its widespread application, the precise mechanisms underlying the selection of critical parameters and their associated therapeutic effects remain incompletely understood. This systematic review synthesizes data from multiples studies over the past decade, investigating the effects of PBM on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and healthy subjects. Emerging evidence suggests that the therapeutic mechanisms of PBM may involve enhanced energy metabolism, increased cerebral blood flow (CBF), modulation of oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory effects, neuroprotection and regeneration, enhanced synaptic plasticity, and regulation of resting-state brain networks. Regarding parameter selection, wavelength has emerged as a critical factor influencing penetration depth and the specific chromophore responsible for photon absorption and therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on the characteristics of diverse wavelengths, as well as the roles of multiple chromophores and associated signaling pathways. Different irradiation modalities, including both non-invasive and invasive approaches, are examined, alongside optimal treatment windows for power and fluence. Additionally, less frequently addressed aspects, such as spot area and power density patterns, are considered.

Mechanisms and parameters of photobiomodulation for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: whether and how to apply?