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An electrochemical sensor for cinchocaine (CIN) detection was developed based on surface molecular imprinting technology utilizing screen-printed gold electrodes modified with TiO 2  nanoparticles and electropolymerized polypyrrole. A novel sensor was developed using a dual-stage methodology, which entailed initial CIN template immobilization and subsequent electrochemical pyrrole polymerization incorporating titanium dioxide nanoscale particles. The sensor exhibited enhanced electroactive surface area (0.075 cm 2 ) and improved electron transfer kinetics (heterogeneous rate constant 8.2 × 10 −3  cm·s −1 ) compared to unmodified electrodes. Under optimized conditions (pH 5.0, 15-min incubation), the sensor demonstrated two linear response ranges from 0.1–10 and 10–100 μM, with a detection limit of 0.035 μM. The sensor showed excellent selectivity against common interferents, including a 100-fold excess of inorganic ions and a 50-fold excess of structurally similar compounds. Analysis of clinical samples yielded excellent recoveries (97.2–102.3%) with relative standard deviations below 4.3%. The simple fabrication process, rapid response time, and minimal sample preparation requirements make this sensor particularly suitable for point-of-care applications.

Development of a point-of-care testing sensor using polypyrrole/TiO 2 molecular imprinting technology for cinchocaine determination