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To develop durable landfill capping materials using solid waste, this study investigated freeze–thaw (F-T) resistance of novel composites synthesized from ground granulated blast-furnace slag, flue gas desulfurization residue, fly ash (FA), construction waste, and municipal sludge). The solidified municipal sludge (SMS) exhibited 1.80–2.06% volumetric shrinkage, 6.00–10.83 MPa compressive strength, and permeability coefficients of 9.67 × 10 −8 –4.14 × 10 −7  cm·s −1  after 20 F-T cycles. Advanced characterization (XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, and NMR) revealed that F-T cycling induced structural reorganization, with rod/columnar formations and amorphous phases increasing pore volume while maintaining integrity. A multi-layered cover system was designed, comprising vegetative, capillary barrier, drainage, and impermeable layers (0.3 m SMS). Field monitoring over 1 year demonstrated stable moisture content in the SMS layer despite rainfall–evaporation cycles, confirming effective hydraulic isolation. The material’s performance met landfill closure requirements while utilizing 72.3–81.4% industrial by-products and sludge. This work provides both a technical framework for sustainable capping systems and an innovative pathway for valorizing solid wastes, achieving dual environmental benefits in waste management and infrastructure protection.

reviews on advanced materials science

Preparation of geopolymer cementitious materials by combining industrial waste and municipal dewatering sludge: Stabilization, microscopic analysis and water seepage