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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), formed by rolling graphene sheets into cylindrical shapes, are widely used in the development of next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their outstanding thermal conductivity and large surface area, which enhance electrode performance, enable faster charging, and improve energy capacity. Inspired by such a fascinating application of CNTs, the present investigation examines the flow behavior of an aqueous-based nanofluid containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), utilizing the well-established Yamada–Ota thermal conductivity model to assess the influence of nanoparticle radius and length. The proposed flow model novelty lies in incorporating Marangoni convection and temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations through appropriate similarity transformations. Numerical solutions are obtained using the boundary value problem solver bvp4c, with results illustrated through graphs and tables. The findings indicate that thermal conductivity reaches its peak at specific nanoparticle lengthL=25×10−6L=25\times {10}^{-6}and radius valuesR=150×10−9R=150\times {10}^{-9}. Optimizing the length-to-radius ratio of MWCNTs in nanofluids can greatly improve thermal conductivity in high-performance electronic cooling systems as extended nanotube lengths enhance heat transfer, while increased radii tend to reduce it. Additionally, Marangoni convection leads to a reduction in temperature distribution while enhancing the heat transfer rate. An increase in the variable temperature parameter results in a corresponding rise in the temperature profile. Validation of the proposed model is also included in this study.

open physics

Analyzing the role of length and radius of MWCNTs in a nanofluid flow influenced by variable thermal conductivity and viscosity considering Marangoni convection