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This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed PTS-PSO technique for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and improving bit error rate (BER) performance in optical FBMC systems with various QAM modulations. For PAPR analysis, complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) results are provided for 256-QAM, 128-QAM, and 64-QAM schemes. At a CCDF of 10 −3 , the proposed method consistently achieves the lowest PAPR compared to unmodified optical FBMC, clipping, SLM, and conventional PTS. The PAPR reductions are most pronounced for 64-QAM, where a 6.7 dB improvement over the baseline is observed, while gains of 4.4 dB and 4.9 dB are achieved for 256-QAM and 128-QAM, respectively. BER performance analysis for 256-QAM and 64-QAM further demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method. At a BER of 10 −3 , the PTS-PSO approach achieves substantial SNR reductions, reaching gains up to 10.8 dB compared to the baseline and maintaining notable advantages over clipping, SLM, and PTS. These results confirm that the proposed PTS-PSO scheme offers significant performance enhancements in both PAPR and BER metrics, providing a highly effective solution for improving spectral efficiency and transmission quality in optical FBMC systems.

Optimizing power amplifier efficiency through PAPR reduction in optical FBMC for VLC applications