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Vascular transplantation is a widely employed surgical approach for treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, artificial vascular grafts exhibit high thrombogenicity. Consequently, developing grafts with enhanced antithrombotic properties represents a critical strategy for addressing CVD-related complications. In this study, double-layered vascular grafts were fabricated via electrospinning, featuring a polycaprolactone (PCL)/zwitterionic polyurethane (sulfobetaine polyurethane [SBPU]) inner layer and a pure PCL outer layer, followed by covalent heparin modification. Fiber surface morphology and chemical composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Evaluations included contact angle measurement, mechanical testing, protein/platelet adsorption assays, cytotoxicity assessment, and degradation analysis to determine antithrombotic performance and biocompatibility. Results demonstrated that heparin-modified PCL containing 20 wt% SBPU (PCLH/SBPU20) exhibited exceptional hydrophilicity, potent antithrombotic effects, superior anti-protein adsorption, favorable anticoagulant properties, and non-cytotoxicity. Among all samples, PCLH/SBPU20 demonstrated optimal comprehensive performance, positioning it as a promising candidate for clinical vascular graft applications.

Heparin and zwitterion functionalized small-diameter vascular grafts for thrombogenesis prevention