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Many of the worldâs forests are not primeval; forest restoration aims to  reverse alterations caused by human use. Forest restoration (including  reforestation and forest rehabilitation) is widely researched and  practiced around the globe. A review of recent literature reveals some  common themes concerning forest restoration motivations and methods. In  some parts of the world, forest restoration aims mainly to re-establish  trees required for timber or fuelwood; such work emphasizes the  propagation, establishment and growth of trees, and equates with the  traditional discipline of silviculture. Elsewhere, a recent focus on  biocentric values adopts the goal of supporting full complements of  indigenous trees and other species. Such ecosystem-based restoration  approaches consider natural templates and a wide array of attributes and  processes, but there remains an emphasis on trees and plant species  composition. Efforts to restore natural processes such as nutrient  cycling, succession, and natural disturbances seem limited, except for  the use of fire, which has seen widespread adoption in some regions. The  inherent challenges in restoring ânaturalnessâ include high temporal  and spatial heterogeneity in forest conditions and natural disturbances,  the long history of human influence on forests in many regions of the  world, and uncertainty about future climate and disturbance regimes.  Although fixed templates may be inappropriate, we still have a  reasonably clear idea of the incremental steps required to make forests  more natural. Because most locations can support many alternative  configurations of natural vegetation, the restoration of forest  naturalness necessarily involves the setting of priorities and strategic  directions in the context of human values and objectives, as informed  by our best understanding of ecosystem structure and function now and in  the future.

The restorative imperative: challenges, objectives and approaches to restoring naturalness in forests