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Larval settlement in wave-dominated, nearshore environments is the mostcritical life stage for a vast array of marine invertebrates, yet it is poorlyunderstood and virtually impossible to observe in situ. Using a custom-builtflume tank that mimics the oscillatory fluid flow over a shallow coral reef, weshow that millimeter-scale benthic topography increases the settlement ofslow-swimming coral larvae by an order of magnitude relative to flatsubstrates. Particle tracking velocimetry of flow fields revealed thatmillimeter-scale ridges introduced regions of flow recirculation thatredirected larvae toward the substrate surface and decreased the local fluidspeed, effectively increasing the window of time for larvae to settle. Inagreement with experiments, computational fluid dynamics modeling andagent-based larval simulations also showed significantly higher settlement onridged substrates. These findings highlight how physics-based substrate designcan create new opportunities to increase larval recruitment for ecosystemrestoration.

Millimeter-scale topography enables coral larval settlement in wave-driven oscillatory flow