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By the peak of COVID-19 restrictions on April 8, 2020, up to 1.5 billionstudents across 188 countries were by the suspension of physical attendance inschools. Schools were among the first services to reopen as vaccinationcampaigns advanced. With the emergence of new variants and infection waves, thequestion now is to find safe protocols for the continuation of schoolactivities. We need to understand how reliable these protocols are underdifferent levels of vaccination coverage, as many countries have a meagerfraction of their population vaccinated, including Uganda where the coverage isabout 8\%. We investigate the impact of face-to-face classes under differentprotocols and quantify the surplus number of infected individuals in a city.Using the infection transmission when schools were closed as a baseline, weassess the impact of physical school attendance in classrooms with poor aircirculation. We find that (i) resuming school activities with people onlywearing low-quality masks leads to a near fivefold city-wide increase in thenumber of cases even if all staff is vaccinated, (ii) resuming activities withstudents wearing good-quality masks and staff wearing N95s leads to about athreefold increase, (iii) combining high-quality masks and active monitoring,activities may be carried out safely even with low vaccination coverage. Theseresults highlight the effectiveness of good mask-wearing. Compared to ICUcosts, high-quality masks are inexpensive and can help curb the spreading.Classes can be carried out safely, provided the correct set of measures areimplemented.

Quantifying protocols for safe school activities