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It was discovered several decades ago that eddy covariance measurementssystematically underestimate sensible and latent heat fluxes, creating animbalance in the surface energy budget. Since then, many studies have addressedthis problem and proposed a variety of solutions to the problem, includingimprovements to instruments and correction methods applied during datapostprocessing. However, none of these measures have led to the completeclosure of the energy balance gap. The leading hypothesis is that not onlysurface-attached turbulent eddies but also sub-mesoscale atmosphericcirculations contribute to the transport of energy in the atmospheric boundarylayer, and the contribution from organized motions has been grossly neglected.The problem arises because the transport of energy through these secondarycirculations cannot be captured by the standard eddy covariance method giventhe relatively short averaging periods of time (~30 minutes) used to computestatistics. There are various approaches to adjust the measured heat fluxes byattributing the missing energy to the sensible and latent heat flux indifferent proportions. However, few correction methods are based on theprocesses causing the energy balance gap. Several studies have shown that themagnitude of the energy balance gap depends on the atmospheric stability andthe heterogeneity scale of the landscape around the measurement site. Based onthis, the energy balance gap within the surface layer has already been modelledas a function of a nonlocal atmospheric stability parameter by performing alarge-eddy simulation study with idealized homogeneous surfaces. We havefurther developed this approach by including thermal surface heterogeneity inaddition to atmospheric stability in the parameterization.

Incorporating the effect of heterogeneous surface heating into a semi-empirical model of the surface energy balance closure