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Vibrio coralliilyticus  is a pathogen of coral and mollusk, contributing to dramatic losses worldwide. In our study, we found that  V .  coralliilyticus  challenge could directly affect adult  Tridacna crocea  survival; there were dead individuals appearing at 6 h post infection, and there were 45.56% and 56.78% mortality rates in challenged groups after 36 h of infection. The apoptosis rate of hemocytes was significantly increased by 1.8-fold at 6 h after  V .  coralliilyticus  injection. To shed light on the mechanistic molecular responses of  T .  crocea  to  V .  coralliilyticus  infection, we used transcriptome sequencing analysis and other relevant techniques to analyze  T .  crocea  hemocytes at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after  V .  coralliilyticus  challenge. Our results revealed that the total numbers of unigenes and DEGs were 195651 and 3446, respectively. Additional details were found by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, where DEGs were significantly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways, such as the TLR signaling pathway, and some were associated with signaling related to apoptosis. Quantitative validation results illustrated that with exposure to  V .  coralliilyticus , the expression of TLR pathway members, TLR, MyD88, IRAK4, TRAF6, and IкB-α, were significantly upregulated (by 22.9-, 9.6-, 4.0-, 3.6-, and 3.9-fold, respectively) at 6 h. The cytokine-related gene IL-17 exhibited an increase of 6.3-fold and 10.5-fold at 3 h and 6 h, respectively. The apoptosis-related gene IAP1 was dramatically increased by 2.99-fold at 6 h. These results indicate that adult  T .  crocea  could initiate the TLR pathway to resist  V .  coralliilyticus , which promotes the release of inflammatory factors such as IL-17 and leads to the activation of a series of outcomes, such as apoptosis. The response mechanism is related to the  T .  crocea  immunoreaction stimulated by  V .  coralliilyticus , providing a theoretical basis for understanding  T .  crocea  immune response mechanisms.

Mechanistic molecular responses of the giant clam Tridacna crocea to Vibrio coralliilyticus challenge