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Background  The hypothesis was tested that parameters of an aged T-cell compartment associate with the risk for late rejection after kidney transplantation.    Methods  Recipients of a kidney transplant in the period 2007–2013 were (N = 365) were included. T cells were characterized prior to transplantation by flow cytometry as naive (CD45RO - CCR7 + ), central-memory (CD45RO + CCR7 + ), effector-memory (CD45RO - CCR7 - ) or terminally differentiated CD8 +  Temra (CD45RO - /CCR7 - /CD28 - ) cells. T cell telomere length and thymic output were assessed prior to transplantation in 202 recipients. Follow-up was until December 2018. The date of the first time of biopsy-proven late rejection (>6 months after transplantation) was used to calculate the rejection-free survival time.    Results  Fifty cases of biopsy-proven rejection were recorded. Thymic output and T cell telomere length did not associate with late rejection-free survival. However, the percentage and absolute numbers of CD8 + Temra and CD28null CD8 +  T cells were significantly lower in patients with late rejection. Specifically, in the highest tertile of percentages of CD28null CD8 +  T cells, the cumulative incidence of late rejection at 5 and 10 years was only 5% and 8% compared to 16% and 20% in the middle to lowest tertile (p = 0.002). Multivariate proportional hazard analysis showed that percentage and absolute number of CD28null CD8 +  T cells remained significantly associated with late rejection and rejection-related graft loss.    Conclusion  High numbers of differentiated CD28null CD8 +  T cells decrease the risk for late rejection and rejection-related graft loss after kidney transplantation.

High numbers of differentiated CD28null CD8+ T cells are associated with a lowered risk for late rejection and graft loss after kidney transplantation