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The issue of how to alleviate the negative effects imposed by water stress is an interesting problem. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonize the rhizosphere of plants and are known to promote the growth of crops. However, there are few studies characterizing the physiological response of plants to drought stress after PGPR inoculation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of different PGPRs in arid environments and then investigated the effects of PGPR inoculation under drought stress on the physiological characteristics and growth of North China red elder ( Sambucus williamsii ) nursery container seedlings. The viable count of different PGPRs under drought stress varies widely, and the drought tolerance of  Acinetobacter calcoaceticus  X128 was significantly higher than that of other PGPRs. In comparison with non-inoculation, inoculation with X128 in an arid environment significantly increased stomatal conductance and mitigated the inhibition of net photosynthetic rate caused by drought stress; this mitigating effect of inoculation is enhanced as the level of drought stress increases. Relative to non-inoculated seedlings, cytokinin levels in the leaves increased by 91.17% under severe drought stress conditions in inoculated seedlings. However, X128 inoculation decreased this deficit to only 44.54%. Compared with non-inoculated seedlings, the relative water content of inoculated seedlings under severe drought stress increased by 15.06%, however the relative conductivity decreased by 12.48%. Consequently, X128 could increase dry matter accumulation of  S .  williamsii  regardless of watering status, indicative of the greater benefits of PGPR on shoot growth than root. Therefore, inoculation of  A .  calcoaceticus  X128 under drought conditions play a significant role for alleviating the negative effects imposed by water stress and promoting plant growth.

Physiological response of North China red elder container seedlings to inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under drought stress