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The opportunistic pathogen  Escherichia coli , a common member of the human gut microbiota belonging to the  Enterobacteriaceae  family, is the causative agent of the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The gut microbiota serves as a reservoir for uropathogenic  E .  coli  where they are shed in feces, colonize the periurethral area, and infect the urinary tract. Currently, front line treatment for UTIs consists of oral antibiotics, but the rise of antibiotic resistance is leading to higher rates of recurrence, and antibiotics cause collateral damage to other members of the gut microbiota. It is commonly believed that incorporation of the American cranberry,  Vaccinium macrocarpon , into the diet is useful for reducing recurrence of UTIs. We hypothesized such a benefit might be explained by a prebiotic or antimicrobial effect on the gut microbiota. As such, we tested cranberry extracts and whole cranberry powder on a human gut microbiome-derived community in a gut simulator and found that cranberry components broadly modulate the microbiota by reducing the abundance of  Enterobacteriaceae  and increasing the abundance of  Bacteroidaceae . To identify the specific compounds responsible for this, we tested a panel of compounds isolated from cranberries for activity against  E .  coli , and found that salicylate exhibited antimicrobial activity against both laboratory  E .  coli  and human UTI  E .  coli  isolates. In a gut simulator, salicylate reduced levels of  Enterobacteriaceae  and elevated  Bacteroidaceae  in a dose dependent manner.

Cranberry extracts promote growth of Bacteroidaceae and decrease abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in a human gut simulator model