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Three populations of  Xiphinema primum  n. sp. and two populations of  X .  pachtaicum  were recovered from natural forests and cultural regions of northern Iran. Both species belong to the  X .  americanum -group and were characterized by their morphological, morphometric and molecular data. The new species, which was recovered in three locations, belongs to the  X .  brevicolle -complex and is characterized by 2124–2981 μm long females with a widely rounded lip region separated from the rest of the body by a depression, 103–125 μm long odontostyle, two equally developed genital branches with endosymbiont bacteria inside the ovary, which are visible under light microscope (LM), vulva located at 51.8–58.0%, the tail is 26–37 μm long with a bluntly rounded end and four juvenile developmental stages. It was morphologically compared with nine similar species  viz .  X .  brevicolle ,  X .  diffusum ,  X .  incognitum ,  X .  himalayense ,  X .  luci ,  X .  parabrevicolle ,  X .  paramonovi ,  X .  parataylori  and  X .  taylori . The second species,  X .  pachtaicum , was recovered in two geographically distant points close to city of Amol. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the new species were performed using partial sequences of the D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA D2-D3), the internal-transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS = ITS1+5.8S+ITS2), and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene ( COI  mtDNA) regions. The Iranian population of  X .  pachtaicum  was also phylogenetically studied based upon its LSU rDNA D2-D3 sequences. Both species were also inspected for their putative endosymbiont bacteria.  Candidatus  Xiphinematobacter sp. was detected from two examined populations of the new species, whereas the second endosymbiont bacterium, detected from three examined isolates of  X .  pachtaicum , was related to the plant and fungal endosymbionts of the family Burkholderiaceae. The phylogenetic analyses of the two endosymbiont bacteria were performed using partial sequences of 16S rDNA. In cophylogenetic analyses, significant levels of cophylogenetic signal were observed using both LSU rDNA D2-D3 and  COI  mtDNA markers of the host nematodes and 16S rDNA marker of the endosymbiont bacteria.

plos one

New evidence of nematode-endosymbiont bacteria coevolution based on one new and one known dagger nematode species of Xiphinema americanum-group (Nematoda, Longidoridae)