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The marine isopod genus  Limnoria  contains algae-eating species. Previous phylogeographic studies have suggested that  Limnoria  species feeding on buoyant kelp underwent low genetic differentiation on a large spatial scale because rafting on floating host kelps promotes high levels of gene flow. In this paper, we survey the genetic structure of  Limnoria nagatai , which bores into the non-buoyant kelps  Eisenia bicyclis  and  E .  arborea . We analyze the mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase subunit I [ COI ] gene) and morphological traits of  L .  nagatai , and the host kelps  E .  bicyclis  and  E .  arborea  from 14 populations along the Japanese archipelago of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Four major lineages are recognized within  L .  nagatai : three lineages in the Pacific Ocean, and one lineage in the Sea of Japan which might be a cryptic species. For  L .  nagatai , we show high genetic differentiation between geographically separated habitats in the Pacific Ocean, while low differentiation is found among continuous host kelps habitats in the Pacific Ocean as well as the Sea of Japan.  L .  nagatai  in  E .  bicyclis  in the Pacific Ocean has experienced large population expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), whereas the lineage in  E .  bicyclis  in the Sea of Japan has not. We suggest that  Limnoria  feeding on non-buoyant kelps, may attain low genetic differentiation because they might be able to disperse long distance if the habitat of host kelps is continuous. The historical events affecting  Limnoria  after the LGM may differ between the coasts of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan.

plos one

Genetic structure and dispersal patterns in Limnoria nagatai (Limnoriidae, Isopoda) dwelling in non-buoyant kelps, Eisenia bicyclis and E. arborea, in Japan