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We propose single-step additive fabrication of graded-index optical elementsby introducing the light exposure as the additional dimension tothree-dimensional (3D) laser writing, hence (3+1)D writing. We use a commercialprinter and photoresist to realize the proposed single step fabrication methodthat can be swiftly adopted for research and engineering. After presenting thecharacterization of the graded-index profiles via basic structures, wedemonstrate two different optical devices: volume holograms that aresuperimposed using angular and peristrophic multiplexing, and opticalwaveguides with well-defined refractive index profiles. In the latter, weprecisely control the propagating modes via tuning the (3+1)D-printed waveguideparameters and report step-index and graded-index core-cladding transitions.

Direct (3+1)D laser writing of graded-index optical elements