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Fundamental understanding of biological pathways requires minimally invasivenanoscopic optical resolution imaging. Many approaches to high-resolutionimaging rely on localization of single emitters, such as fluorescent moleculeor quantum dot. Exact determination of the number of such emitters in animaging volume is essential for a number of applications; however, in acommonly employed intensity-based microscopy it is not possible to distinguishindividual emitters without initial knowledge of system parameters. Here weexplore how quantum measurements of the emitted photons using photon numberresolving detectors can be used to address this challenging task. In theproposed new approach, the problem of counting emitters reduces to the task ofdetermining differences between the emitted photons and the Poisson limit. Weshow that quantum measurements of the number of photons emitted from anensemble of emitters enable the determination of both the number of emittersand the probability of emission. This method can be applied for any type ofemitters, including Raman and infrared emitters, which makes it a trulyuniversal way to achieve super-resolution optical imaging. The scaling laws ofthis new approach are presented by the Cramer-Rao Lower Bounds and define theextent this technique can be used for quantum optical imaging with nanoscopicresolution.

En route to nanoscopic quantum optical imaging: counting emitters with photon-number-resolving detectors