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Chitala ornata is a facultative air-breathing fish, which at low temperatures shows an arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) level only slightly elevated above that of water-breathers. By holding fish with in-dwelling catheters in temperatures from 25-36°C and measuring blood gasses, we show that this animal follows the ubiquitous poikilotherm pattern of reducing pHa with increasing temperature. Surprisingly, the temperature increase caused an elevation of PaCO2 from 5 to 12 mmHg while the plasma bicarbonate concentration remained constant at around 8 mmol−1. Temperature increase also gave rise to a larger fractional increase in air-breathing than gill ventilation frequency. These findings suggest that air-breathing, and hence the partitioning of gas exchange, is to some extent regulated by acid-base status in air-breathing fish and that these bimodal breathers will be increasingly likely to adopt respiratory pH control as temperature rises, providing an interesting avenue for future research.

Effects of temperature on acid-base regulation, gill ventilation and air-breathing in the clown knifefish, Chitala ornata