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Lighvan cheese (Lighvan panir) is among the most famous traditional cheese in Iran for its desired aroma and flavor. Undoubtedly, the lactic acid bacteria especially the genus  Lactobacillus  are the critical factors in developing the aroma, flavor, and texture in Lighvan cheese. In this study, the Lactobacillus population of the main Lighvan cheese was investigated. The Lactobacillus of the main Lighvan cheese was isolated using specific culture methods according to previously published Guidelines. Then, the phylogenetic features were investigated and the phenotypic characteristics were examined using specific culture methods. Twenty-eight Gram-positive bacterial species were identified belonged to the genus Lactobacillus. According to the same sequences as each other, three groups (A, B, and C) of isolates were categorized with a high degree of similarity to  L. fermentum  (100%) and L. casei group (L. casei,  L. paracasei , and  L. rhamnosus ) (99.0 to 100%). Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint analysis manifested the presence of three clusters that were dominant in traditional Lighvan cheese. Cluster І was divided into 4 sub-clusters. By the result of carbohydrate fermentation pattern and 16S rRNA sequencing, isolates were identified as  L. rhamnosus . The isolates in clusters II and III represented  L. paracasei  and  L. fermentum , respectively as they were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and fermented carbohydrate patterns. Our result indicated that the specific aroma and flavor of traditional Lighvan cheese can be related to its  Lactobacillus  population including  L. fermentum ,  L. casei, L. paracasei , and  L. rhamnosus.  Graphical abstract

Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of Lactobacillus species isolated from traditional Lighvan cheese