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Background Pectin is a key substance involved in cell wall development, and the galacturonosyltransferases (GAUTs) gene family is a critical participant in the pectin synthesis pathway. Systematic and comprehensive research on  GAUTs  has not been performed in cotton. Analysis of the evolution and expression patterns of the GAUT gene family in different cotton species is needed to increase knowledge of the function of pectin in cotton fiber development. Results In this study, we have identified 131 GAUT genes in the genomes of four  Gossypium  species ( G. raimondii ,  G. barbadense ,  G. hirsutum , and  G. arboreum ), and classified them as  GAUT-A ,  GAUT-B  and  GAUT-C , which coding probable galacturonosyltransferases. Among them, the GAUT genes encode proteins GAUT1 to GAUT15. All GAUT proteins except for GAUT7 contain a conserved glycosyl transferase family 8 domain (H-DN-A-SVV-S-V-H-T-F). The conserved sequence of GAUT7 is PLN (phospholamban) 02769 domain. According to  cis -elemet analysis, GAUT genes transcript levels may be regulated by hormones such as JA, GA, SA, ABA, Me-JA, and IAA. The evolution and transcription patterns of the  GAUT  gene family in different cotton species and the transcript levels in upland cotton lines with different fiber strength were analyzed. Peak transcript level of  GhGAUT  genes have been observed before 15 DPA. In the six materials with high fiber strength, the transcription of  GhGAUT  genes were concentrated from 10 to 15 DPA; while the highest transcript levels in low fiber strength materials were detected between 5 and 10 DPA. These results lays the foundation for future research on gene function during cotton fiber development. Conclusions The  GAUT  gene family may affect cotton fiber development, including fiber elongation and fiber thickening. In the low strength fiber lines,  GAUTs  mainly participate in fiber elongation, whereas their major effect on cotton with high strength fiber is related to both elongation and thickening.

Evolution of pectin synthesis relevant galacturonosyltransferase gene family and its expression during cotton fiber development