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Background  This study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes.    Methods  Twenty-three athletes with a mean age of 20.1 years, living at low altitude (1850 m) participated in this study. The participants' maximal oxygen consumption values (VO 2  max) were determined with an incremental cycle exercise test as 54.15 ± 6.14 mL kg min −1 . Athletes performed four protocols: at rest, 50% VO 2  max, 75% VO 2  max and 100% VO 2  max (until exhaustion) with one-week intervals. 50% VO 2  max, 75% VO 2  max sessions were performed continuously for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer and 100% VO 2  max session was performed by cycling until exhaustion. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately after each exercise session. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels were measured.Results  There were significant differences in serum TNF-α levels in 75% VO 2  max and 100% VO 2  max sessions (489.03 ± 368.37 and 472.70 ± 365.21 ng/L, respectively) compared to rest conditions (331.65 ± 293.52 ng/L). Serum CRP levels of 50% VO 2  max and 75% VO 2  max sessions (1.19 ± 0.50; 1.07 ± 0.52 mg/L) were significantly higher than the rest condition (0.74 ± 0.35 mg/L). There were significant differences in serum IL-10 levels of rest condition and 50% VO 2  max; 50% VO 2  max, and 100% VO 2  max sessions (328.09 ± 128.87; 446.36 ± 142.84; 347.44 ± 135.69; 324.88 ± 168.06 pg/mL). Serum HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in 75% VO2 max session compared to rest (1.26 ± 0.16; 1.08 ± 0.19 ng/mL) ( P  < 0.05 for all comparisons).    Conclusions  Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathway is induced on different exercise intensities. Exercise protocols performed until exhaustion may lead to activation of inflammatory pathways and hypoxia-induced damage.

Impacts of different intensities of exercise on inflammation and hypoxia markers in low altitude