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Background Pleurotus ostreatus  is an edible mushroom popularly cultivated worldwide. Distilled grain waste (DGW) is a potential substrate for  P. ostreatus  cultivation. However, components in DGW restrict  P. ostreatus  mycelial growth. Therefore, a cost-effective approach to facilitate rapid  P. ostreatus  colonization on DGW substrate will benefit  P. ostreatus  cultivation and DGW recycling. Results Five dominant indigenous bacteria,  Sphingobacterium  sp. X1,  Ureibacillus  sp. X2,  Pseudoxanthomonas  sp. X3,  Geobacillus  sp. X4, and  Aeribacillus  sp. X5, were isolated from DGW and selected to develop a consortium-based microbial agent to compost DGW for  P. ostreatus  cultivation. Microbial agent inoculation led to faster carbohydrate metabolism, a higher temperature (73.2 vs. 71.2 °C), a longer thermophilic phase (5 vs. 3 days), and significant dynamic changes in microbial community composition and diversity in composts than those of the controls. Metagenomic analysis showed the enhanced microbial metabolisms, such as xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism and terpenoid and polyketide metabolism, during the mesophilic phase after microbial agent inoculation, which may facilitate the fungal colonization on the substrate. In accordance with the bioinformatic analysis, a faster colonization of  P. ostreatus  was observed in the composts with microbial inoculation than in control after composting for 48 h, as indicated from substantially higher fungal ergosterol content, faster lignocellulose degradation, and higher lignocellulase activities in the former than in the latter. The final mushroom yield shared no significant difference between composts with microbial inoculation and control, with 0.67 ± 0.05 and 0.60 ± 0.04 kg fresh mushroom/kg DGW, respectively ( p  &gt; 0.05). Conclusion The consortium-based microbial agent comprised indigenous microorganisms showing application potential in composting DGW for providing substrate for  P. ostreatus  cultivation and will provide an alternative to facilitate DGW recycling.

Development of a consortium-based microbial agent beneficial to composting of distilled grain waste for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation