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Type III beta phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KIIIβ) is the only clinically validated drug target in  Plasmodium  kinases and therefore a critical target in developing novel drugs for malaria. Current PI4KIIIβ inhibitors have solubility and off-target problems. Here we set out to identify new Plasmodium PI4K ligands that could serve as leads for the development of new antimalarial drugs by building a  P PI4K homology model since there was no available three-dimensional structure of  Pf PI4K and virtually screened a small library of ~ 22 000 fragments against it. Sixteen compounds from the fragment-based virtual screening (FBVS) were selected based on ≤ − 9.0 kcal/mol binding free energy cut-off value. These were subjected to similarity and sub-structure searching after they had passed PAINS screening and the obtained derivatives showed improved binding affinity for  Pf PI4K (− 10.00 to − 13.80 kcal/mol). Moreover, binding hypothesis of the top-scoring compound ( 31 ) was confirmed in a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation and its binding pose retrieved after the system had converged at about 10 ns into the evolution was described to lay foundation for a rationale chemical-modification to optimize binding to  Pf PI4K. Overall, compound  31  appears to be a viable starting point for the development of  P PI4K inhibitors with antimalarial activity.

Fragment-based virtual screening discovers potential new Plasmodium PI4KIIIβ ligands