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Background  Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant tumor originating from mesenchymal stem cells, and has an extremely high fatality rate and ability to metastasize. Although mounting evidence suggests that miR-769-5p is strongly associated with the malignant progression and poor prognosis of various tumors, the exact role of miR-769-5p in OS is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between miR-769-5p and the malignant progression of OS, and its underlying mechanism of action.    Methods  miR-769-5p expression was analyzed in GSE28423 from the GEO database and measured in OS clinical specimens and cell lines. The effects of miR-769-5p on OS proliferation, migration and invasion were measured both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, bioinformatics analyses and luciferase reporter assays were used to explore the target genes of miR-769-5p. Rescue experiments were also conducted. Moreover, a co-culture model was used to test the cell interaction between bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and OS cells.    Results  We found that miR-769-5p is highly expressed in OS clinical specimens and cell lines. In vivo and in vitro experiments also showed that miR-769-5p significantly promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of OS cells. Dual-specific phosphatase 16 (DUSP16) was negatively associated with miR-769-5p expression in OS cells and tissue samples and was validated as the downstream target by luciferase reporter assay and western blotting. Rescue experiments showed that DUSP16 reverses the effect of miR-769-5p on OS cells by negatively regulating the JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Additionally, the results of the co-culture of BMSCs and OS cells confirmed that miR-769-5p was transferred from BMSCs to OS cells through exosomes.    Conclusions  In summary, this study demonstrates for the first time that BMSC-derived exosomal miR-769-5p promotes OS proliferation and metastasis by targeting DUSP16 and activating the JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway, which could provide rationale for a new therapeutic strategy for OS.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02257-4.

Exosomal transfer of miR-769-5p promotes osteosarcoma proliferation and metastasis by targeting DUSP16