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Background  The alarming rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic pathogens, including  Campylobacter  spp., has been threatening the health sector globally. In Bangladesh, despite rapid growth in poultry sector little is known about the potential risks of zoonotic pathogens in homestead duck flocks. The aim of this study was to understand the occurrence, species diversity, and multi-drug resistance in  Campylobacter  spp., and identify the associated risk factors in duck farms in Bangladesh.Methods  The study involved 20 duck farms at 6 sub-districts of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Monthly occurrence of  Campylobacter  spp. in potential sources at the farms during February-September, 2018, was detected by culture and PCR-based methods.  Campylobacter  isolates were examined for resistance to different antimicrobials. Risk factors, concerning climatic and environmental disposition, farm management, and anthropogenic practices, of  Campylobacter  infection were estimated by participatory epidemiological tools.    Results  Occurrence of  Campylobacter  spp. was detected in overall 36.90% (155/420) samples, more frequently in drinking water (60%, 30/50), followed by cloacal swab (37.50%, 75/200), egg surface swab (35%, 35/100) and soil of the duck resting places (30%, 15/50) but was not detected in feed samples (n = 20). PCR assays distinguished the majority (61.30%, 95/155) of the isolates as  C. coli , while the rest (38.70%, 60/155) were  C. jejuni . Notably, 41.7% (25/60) and 31.6% (30/95) strains of  C. jejuni  and  C. coli , respectively, were observed to be MDR. The dynamics of  Campylobacter  spp., distinctly showing higher abundance during summer and late-monsoon, correlated significantly with temperature, humidity, and rainfall, while sunshine hours had a negative influence. Anthropogenic management-related factors, including, inadequate hygiene practices, use of untreated river water, wet duck shed, flock age (1–6 months), and unscrupulous use of antimicrobials were identified to enhance the risk of MDR  Campylobacter  infection.    Conclusion  The present study clearly demonstrates that duck farms contribute to the enhanced occurrence and spread of potentially pathogenic and MDR  C. coli  and  C. jejuni  strains and the bacterial dynamics are governed by a combined interaction of environmental and anthropogenic factors. A long-term holistic research at the environment-animal-human interface would be integral to divulge health risk reduction approaches tackling the spread of  Campylobacter  spp. from duck farms.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06834-w.

Occurrence and multidrug resistance of Campylobacter spp. at duck farms and associated environmental and anthropogenic risk factors in Bangladesh