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Background CCCH transcription factors are important zinc finger transcription factors involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stress and physiological and developmental processes. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) is an agriculturally important cereal crop with multiple uses, such as brewing production, animal feed, and human food. The identification and assessment of new functional genes are important for the molecular breeding of barley. Results In this study, a total of 53 protein-encoding  CCCH  genes unevenly dispersed on seven different chromosomes were identified in barley. Phylogenetic analysis categorized the barley  CCCH  genes ( HvC3H s) into eleven subfamilies according to their distinct features, and this classification was supported by intron–exon structure and conserved motif analysis. Both segmental and tandem duplication contributed to the expansion of  CCCH  gene family in barley. Genetic variation of  HvC3H s was characterized using publicly available exome-capture sequencing datasets. Clear genetic divergence was observed between wild and landrace barley populations in  HvC3H  genes. For most  HvC3H s, nucleotide diversity and the number of haplotype polymorphisms decreased during barley domestication. Furthermore, the  HvC3H  genes displayed distinct expression profiles for different developmental processes and in response to various types of stresses. The  HvC3H1 ,  HvC3H2  and  HvC3H13  of arginine-rich tandem  CCCH  zinc finger (RR-TZF) genes were significantly induced by multiple types of abiotic stress and/or phytohormone treatment, which might make them as excellent targets for the molecular breeding of barley. Conclusions Overall, our study provides a comprehensive characterization of barley  CCCH  transcription factors, their diversity, and their biological functions.

CCCH Zinc finger genes in Barley: genome-wide identification, evolution, expression and haplotype analysis